QuantCapitol. Congressional Trading Intelligence

Updated 2026-11-05 00:27 UTC · Public disclosure record

NOWTICKER

Servicenow, Inc.

VERY BULLISH stock

Congress has disclosed 51 buys and 33 sells of NOW (Servicenow, Inc.) in official financial disclosures, each linked to its original filing. A transparency record — not investment advice.

Activity Congressional Activity

51
Buy
33
Sell
+18
Net
22
Active politicians

Round-trip watch Still on the books

Members who disclosed buying NOW and have not disclosed selling, versus their own entry (the most recent disclosed buy). "Open" means no disclosed sale — never "still holds" — and the % is unrealised, on paper. Not investment advice.

MemberEntry (last buy)Entry priceNowvs entryStatus
Byron Donalds 2026-02-10 $106.48 $105.12 -1.3% ↩ near entry
Michael McCaul 2026-05-22 $102.13 $105.12 +2.9% ↩ near entry
Rohit Khanna 2026-07-07 $110.73 $105.12 -5.1% ↩ near entry
Marjorie Taylor Greene 2025-06-06 $206.04 $105.12 -49.0% underwater
Rob Bresnahan 2025-02-03 $204.19 $105.12 -48.5% underwater

Price as of 2026-10-30. Counted open while disclosed buys outnumber disclosed sells; tracks the price, not exact position size (amounts are ranges).

Price & congressional trades
Buy Sell

Fundamentals · FY2026 Valuation

Standard valuation multiples from SEC-reported GAAP financials (trailing twelve months), each compared to the median for Technology. We use reported GAAP, not forward or adjusted earnings, so our figures can sit higher than sites that do — especially for companies with falling profit. Relative context — not a target price or investment advice.

P/E
75.51
▲ pricier than Technology (median 33.7)
how it's calculated
P/E = price ÷ earnings per share
$105.12 ÷ $1.39 = 75.51
Based on GAAP trailing-twelve-month financials (SEC filings) and the latest close. Other sites may show a different multiple when they use forward (projected) or non-GAAP adjusted figures instead of reported GAAP — for a company with volatile profit those can differ in either direction from the GAAP figure shown here.
P/B
8.33
▲ pricier than Technology (median 6.2)
how it's calculated
P/B = price ÷ book value per share
$105.12 ÷ $12.62 = 8.33
Based on GAAP trailing-twelve-month financials (SEC filings) and the latest close. Other sites may show a different multiple when they use forward (projected) or non-GAAP adjusted figures instead of reported GAAP — for a company with volatile profit those can differ in either direction from the GAAP figure shown here.
EV/EBITDA
50.27
▲ pricier than Technology (median 21.5)
how it's calculated
EV/EBITDA = (market cap + net debt) ÷ EBITDA
($109.1B + $3.0B net debt) ÷ $2.2B = $112.2B ÷ $2.2B = 50.27
Based on GAAP trailing-twelve-month financials (SEC filings) and the latest close. Other sites may show a different multiple when they use forward (projected) or non-GAAP adjusted figures instead of reported GAAP — for a company with volatile profit those can differ in either direction from the GAAP figure shown here.

Legislation Related Legislation

Recent bills in this stock's sector (Technology). Sector-level context from Congress.gov — a bill names a policy area, not this company specifically.

BillTitlePolicy areaLatest action
HR 7022 Mystic Alerts Act Science, Technology, Communications 2026-10-22
S 5663 PROOF Act Science, Technology, Communications 2026-09-30
SRES 923 A resolution expressing support for the designation of October 4 through October 10, 2026, as "National 4-H Week". Science, Technology, Communications 2026-09-29
HR 10610 Stop Spam Calls Act Science, Technology, Communications 2026-09-24
HR 10594 Reliable Artificial Intelligence Research Act of 2026 Science, Technology, Communications 2026-09-24

85 trades Recent Congressional Trades

Two things to watch per trade: the disclosure lag (how many days passed before the trade was made public) and the price move in that window (how the stock moved during those non-public days). A sell followed by a price drop, or a buy followed by a rise, means well-timed trading — visible here in the open. Note: the Score measures how notable a trade is, not whether it made money — the price move is shown for context and isn't part of it.

PoliticianChamberTypeOwnerDateDisclosure lagPrice move
in that
window
AmountScoreSource
Rohit Khanna House SELL OCR ◆ insider convergence Child 2026-08-10 22 days +12.1% $1K–$15K 32.6 ↗ filing
Rohit Khanna House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence · moderate Child 2026-07-07 27 days +3.1% $15K–$50K 47.7 ↗ filing
Rohit Khanna House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence · moderate Child 2026-06-02 29 days -17.1% $1K–$15K 28.4 ↗ filing
Michael McCaul House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence · moderate Spouse 2026-05-22 14 days +10.1% $1K–$15K 32.9 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2026-04-24 11 days +2.0% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
9.5 ↗ filing
Gilbert Cisneros House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Self · 150 Main Street Trust > Bank of America 2026-04-14 23 days +6.6% $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
11.5 ↗ filing
Rohit Khanna House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence · moderate Spouse 2026-04-13 21 days +3.3% $1K–$15K 12.9 ↗ filing
Alan Armstrong Senate OTHER Self 2026-03-27 116 days +2.7% $15K–$50K 92.4 ↗ eFD
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider convergence Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2026-03-06 32 days -19.1% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
25.6 ↗ filing
Michael McCaul House BUY OCR ◆ insider convergence Spouse 2026-03-04 33 days -10.0% $1K–$15K 59.0 ↗ filing
Rohit Khanna House BUY OCR ◆ insider convergence Child 2026-02-24 8 days +11.1% $15K–$50K 60.4 ↗ filing
Byron Donalds House BUY ◆ insider convergence Self · Moran Wealth IRA 2026-02-10 19 days +1.4% $1K–$15K
0.3% of NW
89.2 ↗ filing
Byron Donalds House BUY ◆ insider convergence Spouse · Moran Wealth IRA 2026-02-10 19 days +1.4% $1K–$15K
0.3% of NW
89.2 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL ◆ insider divergence Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2026-01-30 4 days -6.2% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
0.5 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL ◆ insider convergence Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2025-12-17 21 days -3.6% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
6.2 ↗ filing
Julie Johnson House SELL ◆ insider convergence Joint · Merrill Lynch Long Term Growth 2025-12-09 31 days -17.1% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
24.5 ↗ filing
Julie Johnson House SELL ◆ insider convergence Joint · Merrill Lynch Tax Efficient Core 2025-12-08 32 days -16.9% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
66.7 ↗ filing
Julie Johnson House BUY ◆ insider divergence Joint · Merrill Lynch Long Term Growth 2025-12-08 32 days -16.9% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
63.9 ↗ filing
Michael McCaul House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence Spouse 2025-10-31 5 days -4.3% $1K–$15K 53.3 ↗ filing
Gilbert Cisneros House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Self · 150 Main Street Trust > Bank of America 2025-10-17 26 days -4.4% $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
9.3 ↗ filing
Michael McCaul House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence · moderate Spouse 2025-09-25 10 days -0.7% $15K–$50K 95.2 ↗ filing
Valerie Hoyle House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Spouse · Fidelity Rollover IRA 2025-08-19 23 days +5.8% $1K–$15K
0.8% of NW
49.1 ↗ filing
Lisa McClain House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Spouse · Charles Schwab Brokerage Account 924 2025-08-13 19 days +6.3% $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
9.7 ↗ filing
Lisa McClain House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Spouse · Charles Schwab Brokerage Account 924 2025-08-04 9 days -6.5% $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
5.0 ↗ filing
John McGuire House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Spouse · Merrill Lynch SEP IRA 2025-06-27 10 days +1.2% $1K–$15K
0.6% of NW
48.5 ↗ filing
Lisa McClain House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Spouse · Charles Schwab Brokerage Account 924 2025-06-17 57 days -14.1% $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
17.6 ↗ filing
Lisa McClain House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Spouse · Charles Schwab Brokerage Account 924 2025-06-09 65 days -15.9% $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
24.5 ↗ filing
Marjorie Taylor Greene House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Self 2025-06-06 3 days -0.3% $1K–$15K 29.6 ↗ filing
John McGuire House BUY ◆ insider divergence Spouse · Merrill Lynch SEP IRA 2025-05-16 14 days -2.8% $1K–$15K
0.6% of NW
69.1 ↗ filing
Marjorie Taylor Greene House BUY ◆ insider divergence Self 2025-05-14 1 days +0.8% $1K–$15K 31.0 ↗ filing
Marjorie Taylor Greene House BUY ◆ insider divergence Self · Marjorie IRA 2025-05-05 1 days -1.3% $1K–$15K 33.6 ↗ filing
Bruce Westerman House SELL ◆ insider convergence Self · Fisher IRA 2025-04-21 7 days +24.0% $1K–$15K
0.7% of NW
53.8 ↗ filing
Valerie Hoyle House BUY ◆ insider divergence Spouse · Fidelity Rollover IRA 2025-04-15 149 days +14.9% $1K–$15K
0.8% of NW
69.5 ↗ filing
Dan Newhouse House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Spouse · Edward Jones IRA 2025-04-11 20 days +21.9% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
54.8 ↗ filing
Dwight Evans House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Self · CETERA 2025-04-03 13 days +2.9% $1K–$15K
0.8% of NW
59.8 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2025-03-19 16 days -14.5% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
13.3 ↗ filing
Rohit Khanna House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence · moderate Child 2025-03-12 26 days -12.8% $1K–$15K 33.6 ↗ filing
Lisa McClain House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Spouse · Charles Schwab Brokerage Account 548 2025-03-12 154 days +2.4% $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
50.9 ↗ filing
Bruce Westerman House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Self · Fisher IRA 2025-03-03 14 days -7.4% $1K–$15K
0.7% of NW
89.5 ↗ filing
Lisa McClain House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Spouse · Charles Schwab Brokerage Account 548 2025-02-05 189 days -15.9% $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
66.7 ↗ filing
Rob Bresnahan House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Self · JP Morgan Brokerage Account #2 2025-02-03 0 days 0.0% $1K–$15K
0.2% of NW
33.6 ↗ filing
Rob Bresnahan House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Self · Joint Ownership LPL Account 2025-02-03 0 days 0.0% $1K–$15K
0.2% of NW
33.6 ↗ filing
Rob Bresnahan House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Joint · Joint Ownership LPL Account 2025-01-13 0 days 0.0% $1K–$15K
0.2% of NW
82.6 ↗ filing
Marjorie Taylor Greene House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Self 2024-12-24 2 days -0.6% $1K–$15K 22.3 ↗ filing
Michael Rulli House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Self · Merrill Lynch Managed Account 2024-12-16 0 days 0.0% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
66.4 ↗ filing
Marjorie Taylor Greene House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Self 2024-11-07 1 days -0.7% $1K–$15K 52.4 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2024-10-08 28 days +5.3% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
5.9 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2024-10-04 32 days +5.8% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
0.2 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2024-09-23 10 days -3.8% $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
0.2 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2024-08-05 32 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
0.2 ↗ filing
Rohit Khanna House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence Child 2024-05-29 6 days — $1K–$15K 22.3 ↗ filing
Dan Newhouse House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Spouse · Edward Jones IRA 2024-04-10 0 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
62.7 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2024-01-25 13 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
0.2 ↗ filing
Dwight Evans House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Self · PERSHING LLC 2023-12-20 19 days — $1K–$15K
0.8% of NW
86.8 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2023-11-29 6 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
13.4 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2023-11-22 13 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
14.1 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Joint · Morgan Stanley - Select UMA Account # 1 2023-11-08 27 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
6.8 ↗ filing
Greg Stanton House SELL ◆ insider convergence · moderate Spouse 2023-10-24 2 days — $1K–$15K
0.5% of NW
40.4 ↗ filing
Greg Stanton House BUY ◆ insider divergence · moderate Spouse 2023-09-26 25 days — $1K–$15K
0.5% of NW
86.8 ↗ filing
Rohit Khanna House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence · moderate Child 2023-08-29 7 days — $1K–$15K 52.4 ↗ filing
Rohit Khanna House BUY OCR ◆ insider divergence · moderate Child 2023-01-11 22 days — $1K–$15K 75.9 ↗ filing
William Keating House BUY Self · Bill's IRA 2022-11-09 12 days — $1K–$15K
0.3% of NW
75.9 ↗ filing
Kathy Manning House SELL Joint · Charles Schwab - Edgewood Management LLC 2022-06-15 20 days — $15K–$50K
0.3% of NW
30.7 ↗ filing
Kathy Manning House BUY Joint · Charles Schwab - Edgewood Management LLC 2022-05-27 10 days — $15K–$50K
0.3% of NW
48.0 ↗ filing
Kathy Manning House BUY Joint · Charles Schwab - Edgewood Management LLC 2022-04-27 6 days — $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
40.4 ↗ filing
Kathy Manning House BUY Joint 2022-03-08 27 days — $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
75.9 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL Joint 2021-03-17 21 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
8.6 ↗ filing
Marjorie Taylor Greene House BUY Joint 2021-01-21 0 days — $1K–$15K 75.9 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL Joint 2020-11-16 22 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
10.6 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL Joint 2020-11-13 25 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
15.7 ↗ filing
Dean Phillips House BUY Self 2020-09-23 14 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
52.4 ↗ filing
Gilbert Cisneros House BUY Self 2020-09-16 27 days — $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
18.1 ↗ filing
Gilbert Cisneros House SELL Self 2020-06-11 28 days — $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
10.6 ↗ filing
Dean Phillips House BUY Self 2020-04-02 34 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
75.9 ↗ filing
Gilbert Cisneros House SELL Self 2020-03-18 28 days — $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
15.7 ↗ filing
Gilbert Cisneros House BUY Self 2020-02-07 32 days — $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
22.3 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL Joint 2019-11-12 22 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
22.3 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL Joint 2019-11-01 33 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
40.4 ↗ filing
Josh Gottheimer House SELL Joint 2019-10-28 7 days — $1K–$15K
<0.1% of NW
75.9 ↗ filing
Gilbert Cisneros House SELL Self 2019-06-03 4 days — $1K–$15K
0.1% of NW
40.4 ↗ filing
Gilbert Cisneros House SELL Self 2019-02-05 30 days — $15K–$50K
0.3% of NW
90.9 ↗ filing
Ed Whitfield House BUY Spouse 2016-05-06 25 days — $1K–$15K 75.9 ↗ filing
Lamar Smith House SELL Self 2016-01-28 6 days — $1K–$15K 40.4 ↗ filing
Lamar Smith House BUY Self 2015-04-17 19 days — $1K–$15K 75.9 ↗ filing
Thomas MacArthur House SELL Self 2015-01-27 5 days — $1K–$15K 75.9 ↗ filing

Corporate insiders · SEC Form 4 Insider Activity

What the company's own officers and directors did in NOW — open-market purchases and sales from SEC Form 4 filings (option exercises, grants and tax withholding are excluded). This is context for the congressional activity above, never a buy/sell signal, and the two datasets are kept separate on purpose. Does convergence mean anything? →

24
Congress trades with insider convergence
36
…with insider divergence
369
Insider open-market trades

Of the congressional trades in NOW, 24 coincided with corporate insiders moving the same way within 60 days, and 36 with insiders moving the opposite way. This is co-occurrence only — whether it carries any edge is tested honestly on the convergence page.

DateInsiderRoleTypeSizeSource
2026-08-31 Fipps Paul C-suite SELL $301K ↗ EDGAR
2026-08-28 Canney Jacqueline P C-suite SELL 10b5-1 $1.1M ↗ EDGAR
2026-08-27 Chamberlain Paul Edward Director SELL $366K ↗ EDGAR
2026-08-13 Chamberlain Paul Edward Director SELL 10b5-1 $188K ↗ EDGAR
2026-05-28 Briggs Teresa Director SELL $173K ↗ EDGAR
2026-05-18 Fipps Paul C-suite SELL 10b5-1 $103K ↗ EDGAR
2026-05-14 Sands Anita M Director SELL $1.5M ↗ EDGAR
2026-05-14 Chamberlain Paul Edward Director SELL 10b5-1 $131K ↗ EDGAR
2026-05-08 Fipps Paul C-suite SELL 10b5-1 $14K ↗ EDGAR
2026-04-24 Canney Jacqueline P C-suite SELL $800K ↗ EDGAR
2026-02-27 McDermott William R C-suite BUY 10b5-1 $3.0M ↗ EDGAR
2026-02-27 McDermott William R C-suite BUY 10b5-1 $530 ↗ EDGAR
2026-02-23 Fipps Paul C-suite SELL 10b5-1 $376K ↗ EDGAR
2026-02-18 Fipps Paul C-suite SELL 10b5-1 $1.0M ↗ EDGAR
2026-02-13 McBride Kevin Thomas Other SELL 10b5-1 $148K ↗ EDGAR
2026-02-12 Chamberlain Paul Edward Director SELL 10b5-1 $152K ↗ EDGAR
2025-12-05 Mastantuono Gina C-suite SELL 10b5-1 $353K ↗ EDGAR
2025-11-28 Mastantuono Gina C-suite SELL 10b5-1 $337K ↗ EDGAR
2025-11-28 Chamberlain Paul Edward Director SELL 10b5-1 $242K ↗ EDGAR
2025-11-28 Jackson Lawrence Director SELL $215K ↗ EDGAR
2025-11-18 ELMER RUSSELL S Other SELL 10b5-1 $67K ↗ EDGAR
2025-11-18 Canney Jacqueline P C-suite SELL 10b5-1 $78K ↗ EDGAR
2025-11-18 Fipps Paul C-suite SELL $249K ↗ EDGAR
2025-11-18 Tzitzon Nicholas Other SELL 10b5-1 $432K ↗ EDGAR
2025-11-17 ELMER RUSSELL S Other SELL 10b5-1 $93K ↗ EDGAR

Combined timeline — Congress & insiders

Both sets of trades on one timeline, newest first, so you can see when they lined up. Congress vs ◆ insider.

DateWhoTypeSize
◆ insider 2026-08-31 Fipps Paul C-suite SELL $301K
◆ insider 2026-08-28 Canney Jacqueline P C-suite 10b5-1 SELL $1.1M
◆ insider 2026-08-27 Chamberlain Paul Edward Director SELL $366K
◆ insider 2026-08-13 Chamberlain Paul Edward Director 10b5-1 SELL $188K
Congress 2026-08-10 Rohit Khanna SELL $1K–$15K
Congress 2026-07-07 Rohit Khanna BUY $15K–$50K
Congress 2026-06-02 Rohit Khanna BUY $1K–$15K
◆ insider 2026-05-28 Briggs Teresa Director SELL $173K
Congress 2026-05-22 Michael McCaul BUY $1K–$15K
◆ insider 2026-05-18 Fipps Paul C-suite 10b5-1 SELL $103K
◆ insider 2026-05-14 Sands Anita M Director SELL $1.5M
◆ insider 2026-05-14 Chamberlain Paul Edward Director 10b5-1 SELL $131K
◆ insider 2026-05-08 Fipps Paul C-suite 10b5-1 SELL $14K
Congress 2026-04-24 Josh Gottheimer SELL $1K–$15K
◆ insider 2026-04-24 Canney Jacqueline P C-suite SELL $800K
Congress 2026-04-14 Gilbert Cisneros SELL $1K–$15K
Congress 2026-04-13 Rohit Khanna BUY $1K–$15K
Congress 2026-03-27 Alan Armstrong OTHER $15K–$50K
Congress 2026-03-06 Josh Gottheimer BUY $1K–$15K
Congress 2026-03-04 Michael McCaul BUY $1K–$15K
◆ insider 2026-02-27 McDermott William R C-suite 10b5-1 BUY $3.0M
◆ insider 2026-02-27 McDermott William R C-suite 10b5-1 BUY $530
Congress 2026-02-24 Rohit Khanna BUY $15K–$50K
◆ insider 2026-02-23 Fipps Paul C-suite 10b5-1 SELL $376K

FAQ Common questions

How much has Congress traded NOW?

51 disclosed buys and 33 sells of NOW (Servicenow, Inc.) appear in official congressional financial disclosures.

Is it legal for members of Congress to trade NOW?

Members of Congress may trade stocks but must disclose it under the STOCK Act. QuantCapitol tracks those public disclosures for transparency — nothing here is an accusation of wrongdoing or investment advice.

Where does this data come from?

Official US House Clerk and Senate electronic financial disclosures. Every trade links back to its original filing so you can verify it yourself.

About this data. Sourced from official House Clerk and Senate eFD financial disclosures (Senate via a maintained community mirror — see project documentation). Transaction amounts are reported as ranges, not exact figures. Interest scores, consensus labels, and backtested performance are proprietary analytical calculations based on public data and are not investment advice. Backtested performance is a hypothetical simulation, not actual portfolio performance.